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**Forest Fire research 2022**

Forest is a large area where it is dominated by trees and 
animals. It is an essential element of the biodiversity. Therefore, 
any major threat posed to the essential component of the 
environment should be identified, studied and fought through 
the most efficient and modern technological means. Forest 
covers an area of around four billion hectares or approximately 
around 30% of world’s land area. The profits we obtain from 
forest are huge namely the medical materials, house-hold 
requirements and other huge profits. Forest fire is an evil 
disaster that affects a vast land-field which in-turn affects both 
flora and fauna. Different reasons that cause the fire include 
lightning (natural forest fire) caused due to the combustion of 
dry fuel like leaves, fire caused due to man-made activities like 
smoking and miscellaneous actions. Forest fire detection has 
become one of the main issues in the environment. In this paper, 
we have built fire detector system using BME688. This little sensor contains temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, and VOC gas sensing capabilities. All over SPI or I2C 

**Purpose**
1. Detect- Sensing the forest fire
2. Report – Report to the server
3. Locate – Locate the location of fire occurrence
4. React – Alerting the forest fire team

**Architecture**

![](https://i.imgur.com/Sxtt9mh.png)

**Strategy**
1. We can divide the forest in ‘N’ no. of areas as seen in Fig 1.
2. Each area is again divided into four cells- A, B, C, and D. Each cell will have several sensing units, which is shown in fig 2. The sensors are not evenly distributed; some sensors are in more quantity than another sensor.
The purpose of using the uneven amount of sensors:
Some environmental parameters do not change rapidly and can be sensed by fewer sensors in a large area.
3. The sensor unit consists of mainly three parts:
– Sensor unit
– RF (LORA) Unit with Controller
– Battery management unit

**Sensor unit**

![](https://i.imgur.com/fWorU2U.png)

Sensor unit consists of a single BME688 unit which contains temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, and VOC gas sensing capabilities.It is housed in a robust yet compact 3.0 x 3.0 x 0.9 mm³ package and is especially developed for mobile and connected applications, where size and low power consumption are crucial requirements. The gas sensor detects Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSCs) and other gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the part per billion (ppb) range. All over SPI or I2C

![](https://i.imgur.com/bTzgkKX.png)

**RF(LORA) with controller**

For forest fire monitoring, I chose to get humidity, Temperature, and Co2 data from bme 688 sensor.I wanted to use a cheap low consumption ATTINY85 controller to collect data from the sensor, I looked into a few other IoT protocols such as Zigbee, Bluetooth, and LoRa.

I chose not to go with Zigbee or Bluetooth because they’re based on a mesh network topology, meaning that data is routed from one node to another, rather than each node sending data to a central gateway. Although it sounded like a very cool concept, I felt a mesh topology wouldn’t work as well in this case because many of the devices would be in “deep sleep” mode throughout the day in order to extend battery life.
![](https://i.imgur.com/laYsyFc.png)
Ultimately, I picked LoRaWAN for its advertised long range, low power consumption, and strong community support.

![](https://i.imgur.com/RKnWiIC.png)
The gateway device receives data from all the sensor nodes and sents to Server using 4G/LTE.

**Battery management unit**

  For further improvement, we are developing set-and-forget IoT modules designed to either eliminate batteries or extend battery life so significantly that end-users rarely to never have to concern themselves with powering their IoT modules. We’ll address the efficacy and performance of supercapacitors as power sources for set-and-forget IoT modules when used in combination with solar panels and power management ICs.
  ![](https://i.imgur.com/w5KKeFt.png)

  When power is present, the device provides power to the load in addition to balancing and charging a supercapacitor stack. When power is lost, the PMIC automatically switches from drawing on input power to drawing power from the charged supercapacitors — either at, above, or below the supercapacitor charge level — to provide design engineers with maximum flexibility for powering the end load.
  ![](https://i.imgur.com/S9pOtOX.png)
comparison of super capacitor with Li-ion battery





