> []# Futuretron EV Course_CHAPTER2

# CHAPTER 2: Introduction to EV

## 2.1 Importance of EV in Current Global Scenario

The rate of carbon in the atmosphere is increasing day by day which is a major contributor for Global Warming. One of the largest sources of carbon emissions is from IC engines used for transportation. Hence, the automobile sector is the best place to work on to reduce the carbon emissions. The number of internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in use is increasing day by day at an alarming rate. According to a report passenger vehicle in average gives out approximately 4.6 metric tons of carbon dioxide in a year.


Figure: Absolute growth in CO2 emissions from 1990-2030

According to the Energy Information Administration, after China and the United States among the major polluters only India is expected to have significant growth of emissions over the coming 10-20 years. To overcome the global warming issue related to carbon emission the requirement for alternative technology in the automobile industry such as electric vehicles (EV) and adaption of such systems is needed. EV uses electric motors instead of internal combustion engines for propulsion which is the main cause for local harmful emissions. EVs are accountable for significantly lower emissions compared to conventional vehicles.

## 2.2 Introduction to Electric Vehicle Industry

The need for new technologies in the transportation industry such as Electric Vehicles (EV) and the integration to these systems is required to address the global warming issue related to carbon emission.

Here comes the requirement for alternative technology in the automobile industry such as electric vehicles (EV) and adapting such environment-friendly vehicle. EV uses electric motors instead of internal combustion engines (ICEs) for propulsion which is the main cause for local pollution. Electric cars work similarly to petrol , diesel or even hydrogen driven vehicles. A battery-electric vehicle uses energy stored in the battery to power the electric motor to propel the vehicle and can be connected to a charging port and can be recharged when required.

As any revolutionary emerging technology, the electric vehicles pose a number of formidable threats and prospects for economic growth. While the demand for electric vehicles is still at a fairly early stage of growth, it is expected to reshape the markets and industries around the globe.

The future of transportation is clean and affordable, and India is making a bigger impact on the green energy mobility industry is just a matter of time. The World Economic Forum and Ola Electric have outlined that the Indian Automotive Industry is one of the world’s fastest-growing economies, but it also comprises 0.5 percent of the global EV market.

According to Mckinsey & Company survey, the rate of adoption of electric vehicles is less than 1%. Nevertheless, there has been a major development in the electric vehicle sector in India over the couple of years, with two and four-wheeler releases by automotive giants, regional competitors and start-ups.

The Governments target of 30% adoption of EVs by 2030 is expected to be motivated mainly by two, three, four wheeler and commercial vehicles electrification in India.

On the supplier side, the growth prospects would be influenced by the maturity of the technology, commercial product quality, lower production costs, quality of technical and expertise resources and increased investment flow.Likewise, customer expectations are increasing, substantially, on the demand side. For example, people's attitudes and mindsets are shifted, and they are waiting to make a transition to a no-compromise approach for electric vehicles.

The point to be noted at the same time is that India continues to face numerous problems in terms of high price, range isuues, battery output capacity, and availability of charging stations, etc.

## 2.3 Flow Chart for Designing an EV


## 2.4 History of Electric Vehicle
Introduced more than 100 years ago, electric cars are seeing a rise in popularity today for many of the same reasons they were first popular.

Credits:https://evcharging.enelx.com/images/PR/Articles/blog/Electric_car.jpg

Robert Anderson a British creater developed the first crude electric carriage around the same time that it wasn't until about the second half of the 19th century that French and English creators developed some of the very first practical electric cars.

The first popular electric car made its debut around 1890 in the U.S. thanks to the chemist William Morrison. His six-passenger car was nothing more than an electrified vehicle, capable of a top speed of 14 miles per hour, but it helped fuel interest in electric vehicles.

By 1900, electric cars accounted for nearly one-third of all vehicles on the road. Many of the first self-powered automobiles in the late 1700s depended on steam and the technology required to take over automobiles before the 1870s.

In 1898 the inventor of the same name, ferdinand porsche, designed an electric car called the p1 around the same time he developed the world's first electric car, hybrid powered by electricity and a gas engine.

General Motors created a design for an urban electric car shown at the 1973 First conference held on Low Pollution Power system development at the Environmental Protection Agency, and the American Motor Company developed electric delivery vehicles used by the United States Postal Service in a 1975 test program. Also, NASA helped lift the electric vehicle's profile when its electric Lunar rover became the first manned vehicle to be operated on the moon in 1971.

Anyos Jedlik invented an early electric engine type in 1828 and developed the small model car powered by his new engine. Around 1832 and 1839 also a simple electric carriage was invented by Scottish inventor Robert Anderson. In 1835, Professor Sibrandus Stratingh of Groningen, the Netherlands, and his German assistant Christopher Becker have built a small-scale electric vehicle, powered by non-rechargeable primary cells.

Although all the starts and stops of the electric vehicle industry during the latter half of the 20th century helped show the world the technology 's strengths, the true revolution of the electric vehicle didn't take place until around the beginning of the 21st century. It was one of two things, depending on who you ask, that ignited the interest we see in electric vehicles today.

## 2.5 Advantages of EV


Low Maintenance: Electric Vehicles run on electrically powered engines and hence there is no requirement of lubrication. There is no necessity to send the vehicles for servicing as often as the conventional ICE vehicles. Petrol or diesel engine has complex components like exhaust systems, starter motors, fuel injection systems, oil, radiators, gears, etc. connected to it to operate smoothly, on the other hand, EV has three main components motor, battery and inverter and few other components which makes maintenance and servicing easier.

Reduce Co2 Emissions: EVs are eco-friendly as they run on electrically powered motors and can reduce the emissions that are promoting climate change and its adverse effects. The tailpipe emissions from an EV are nil and in the near future it is expected that they will completely run on clean energy sources and thus reducing the overall carbon footprint of the vehicle.

Reduced Noise Pollution: When compared to petrol and diesel vehicles EV has only one moving part that is an electric motor. The motors produce minimal to zero noise when compared. Hence EVs put a restriction on noise. The smooth operation of motor also ensures efficient operation.

Using Renewable Energy: EV’s can be recharged by using a solar PV system or other means of renewable sources instead of the grid. By using renewable energy greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced even further ensuring a sustainable transportation in the near future.

Cost Saving: The maintenance expenses and running cost of an EV on a per kilometre basis is much cheaper when compared to the ICE vehicles. The moving parts that cause wear and tear easily are far lesser in an EV and hence it doesn’t require any replacement parts on a regular basis unlike an internal combustion vehicle which has lots of mechanical moving components.
The energy efficiency of an ICE vehicles is around 20 to 30% where as in an EV it tends to be higher than 90%. Hence, the per kilometre cost of an EV is far lesser and hence the operational cost of an EV is cheaper when compared to an ICE vehicle. The difference in the cost price will break even between the ICE and EV in the long run.

Safe to Drive: In all the recently launched EV’s the battery pack is placed in the floor of the vehicle and in case of a collision there will be minimal to no impact on the battery pack. Thus, the risk of a fire hazards can be minimized.
The battery pack is also properly insulated against water and dust with proper insulations which make it water and dust proof making the vehicle to drive in all possible scenarios. The safety factors of an EV is on par if not better than an ICE vehicle.

Health Benefits: The net emissions from an EV even if the power used to charge the battery pack might have come from a coal-based power plant is much lower when compared to that of an ICE vehicle burning the fossil fuel. Lower emissions are not only beneficial for the environment but also has health benefits.

EV Motors are more Efficient: EV motors can convert nearly 90% of its energy from batteries for the vehicle movement when compared to petrol and diesel vehicle which is 20%- 30%. Hence the efficiency of operation is more in electric vehicles.

## 2.6 Types of EV

EVs are classified based on the amount(levels) of electricity used as their source of energy to power the motor. Three main types are

1. Hybrid Electric Vehicle
2. Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle
3. Battery Electric Vehicle

Figure: Types Of EV

1. HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE:
Also called HEV [6-12 KWH]. They are powered by petrol and electricity, that is a gasoline engine with a fuel tank and an electric motor with a battery respectively. HEVs cannot be recharged from the electricity grid, the electrical energy is generated by the regenerative braking system.

The technique of recharging the batteries while braking is called Regenerative Braking System. When the driver applies a brake on hybrid electric vehicles, the electric motor

generates a negative torque, that is in the reverse direction, thus recovering the energy from the system and stores the excess energy in the battery.

To gauge the regenerative braking system, its effectiveness and efficiency should be seen. Efficiency states how competently the braking system captures the energy lost when the brake is applied. Effectiveness states how size-able impact(difference) the regenerative braking system actually makes.
Figure: Regenerative Braking System

HEV takes the pickup using the electric motor, then based on the load or speed required the petrol engine takes over. An internal computer will decide when to use battery power and when to use fuel, thus makes sure the best economy for driving conditions.
Some of the advantages are Longer range compared to BEVs, Less CO2 emissions compared to gas only vehicle. Some of the disadvantageous are Mechanics is complicated- Gasoline + Electric, Operational cost is very much high compared to BEV but less expensive compared to gasoline vehicle, cannot connect to an electrical outlet for charging.
Examples of HEV: Toyota Prius, Honda Civic, Toyota Camry.

2. PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE:
Also called as PHEV[6-12KWH]. They are powered by two modes, fuel and electricity. It has an electric motor and battery, which can be recharge using both regenerative braking and ‘plugging-in’ to an external electrical charging port. When battery is low, they can switch to an IC engine which can also recharge the battery.


Figure : Two ways of charging the batteries in PHEV

Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle can be charged by plugging into an electric grid, they have more savings in fuel costs than HEV. Some of the PHEVs are also called as Extended-Range Electric Vehicle [EREVs].
Advantages are Longer range compared to BEVs, CO2 emissions are less, Gas consumptions are less compared to gas only vehicle. Disadvantages are CO2 emissions are not completely eliminated; Operational cost are more than BEVs but less than HEVs.
Examples of PHEV: Ford C-Max Energi, BMW i8, Mercedes C350e.

3. BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLE:
Also called as BEV [20-80KWH]. They run completely using an electric motor and battery without any internal combustion engine. They store electricity on-board with high capacity battery packs which are used to run electric motor and all other electronic components. They must be plugged into an electric grid for charging and can also be recharged using the regenerative braking system.


Figure: Battery Electric Vehicle

### 2.7 Important Parts in an EV

Electric Vehicles are powered by electric energy stored in batteries in the form of chemical energy. They have an electric motor instead of an internal combustion engine for propulsion and movement. The three important components of an Electric Vehicle are Battery, an electric motor and Controller.
Figure: Important components in an EV

BATTERY: Electric Vehicles uses the energy which is stored in a traction battery to power an electric motor to turn the wheels. When the battery is depleted, they are recharged using grid electricity from charging stations. The battery also powers other electronic devices in the vehicle. Higher the capacity of the battery higher will be the range of the vehicle. Current electric vehicles use Lithium-ion type of batteries as they have capacity of storing more energy in less space and also weighs less.

CONTROLLER: Controller is the electronics package that functions between the battery and the motor to control the vehicles speed and acceleration. It controls the flow of voltage to the motor from the battery pack keeping it within the capacity of motor and controls the motor speed. In electric vehicle controller usually has a potentiometer which is connected to the pair potentiometer which figure out how much energy is required for the vehicle. The controllers on most vehicles also have a system for regenerative braking that is when pressure is applied on the brakes, the electric car takes advantage of the kinematic energy of wheel to drive the motor as a generator which recharges the battery.

ELECTRIC MOTOR: Electric motors convert the electrical energy into mechanical energy. There are main two types of electric motors used in electric vehicle, the direct current (DC) motor and the alternating current (AC) motor. Both types of electric motors are used in electric vehicles and they have their own advantages and disadvantages.

## 2.8 EV vs ICEV

### Range
EVs have a shorter range on average than conventional cars due to manufacturer constraints including vehicle size and weight. Most models range from 100 to 180 km/charge and some luxury models cross 450 km/charge. When you look at EVs, that can be a concern if you often take long trips. The availability of charging stations can make EVs less suitable for activities like road trips.

Convectional cars have a range of 400 to 600 km and more fuel-efficient vehicles get even higher ranges of driving. The range has become pretty standard because there is a large variety of gas stations available and refueling is a five-minute process. Giving gas cars a higher range would be very simple while opting for a model with higher fuel efficiency for long distances travel.

### Efficiency

EVs convert over 77% of the electrical energy from the grid to power at the wheels. A typical electric motor is efficient between 85 % and 90%. That means it converts the percentage of the electricity it receives into useful work. The variance between the motor's output and an electric car's total performance is accounted for losses due to battery charging and discharging, converting AC to DC, and tires friction.

Modern vehicles Approximately convert 12 – 30% of the energy stored in fuel to power at wheels. The efficiency is measured in terms of "thermal efficiency" and the estimated thermal performance of most combustion engines is about 20%. For certain cases, diesel is typically higher, about 40%, about 65-80 % of total power is emitted as heat without transforming it into useful work.

### Weight distribution and Handling

The battery pack is a primary weight element with around 30-45 percent of the total weight of small electric vehicles. And the battery pack along the vehicle has a significant effect in either direction on the mass distribution.  the vehicle's front and rear mass distribution ratio is about 60:40, 50:50, and 40:60 by positioning the battery pack on the front, center, and rear side of the vehicle respectively, which provides the vehicle with great power and stability.

A heavy chassis is required for the engine and fuel tank, with A heavy drive train to support these mass structures in a conventional car. the distribution ratio of front and rear of the vehicle is around 60:40 in majority vehicles, by placing the engine at the front, and rear side of the vehicle houses the fuel tank and powertrain.The weight moves to the rear of the vehicle with acceleration which reduces the front wheel grip. This reduces the vehicle’s ability to steer as it accelerates out of a corner. a balanced weight distribution enhances handling by ensuring that both axles get similar traction.

### Maintenance
For an EV, the Powertrain comprises about 20 movable parts. There is one moving part of the electric motor, the shaft, which is very robust and needs little to no maintenance. The controller and charger are electronic devices that need no maintenance. A simple electric car with direct drive transmission can have as few as three moving parts, the motor, the shaft and a bearing on each end.

The Powertrain in an ICE vehicle contains 2,000+ moving parts. typically these components commonly consist of the engine, transmission, differential, driveshaft, axles, and the wheels which require periodic maintenance. These moving parts often tend to wear and tear on usage, periodic replacement is a must. the engine, transmission, and differential need to be serviced to minimize frictional wear and tear by changing the oil often.

### Performance
Electric vehicles generate a lot more torque than conventional cars, which is important because the vehicle is driven forward by torque. In several modern designs, an electric car's motor removes the need for a conventional transmission. For instant acceleration, the power goes straight to the wheels, making EVs faster at startup.

The engine must channel the power to the transmission first and then to the wheels (collectively known as the components for 'drivetrain' or 'powertrain'). This cycle will take longer and will waste critical zero to potential of 60. Approximately 15 per cent of the power the engine produces is lost via the drivetrain, known as the drivetrain loss, which affects the performance of the vehicle.

### Pollution
The main advantage of electric cars is their commitment to improving the air quality in cities and towns. Pure electric cars do not contain any carbon dioxide emissions while driving without a tailpipe. That greatly decreases air pollution. Even with energy generation, however, the carbon emissions of an electric vehicle are roughly 17-30 % lower than those of a petrol or diesel vehicle. The emissions from producing power are also significantly reduced by using low carbon energy.

When a conventional gas vehicle burns gasoline, it creates by-product exhaust gasses such as carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. When petroleum is extracted from the field, refined to fuel, distributed to stations and burned in automobiles, emissions are generated. Direct emissions are generated through the tailpipe, by fuel system evaporation, and during the fueling process. Direct emissions include smog-forming contaminants (such as oxides of nitrogen), other toxins detrimental to human health, and GHGs, mainly carbon dioxide.

### Noise
The electric car has minimal noise on standard speeds. Electric cars almost eliminate engine noise, and the electric motors that emit relatively high-pitched noise do not propagate far. Actually they appear to have lower drag coefficients, eliminating noise from the wind passage at higher speeds due to the closed path such as radiator grill.

The maximum noise level is 75 decibels for a convectional car. The engine is the main source of noise in road vehicles. Engine noise consists of intake noise, exhaust noise, and the noise produced in the engine itself. The noise ranges more than 10dB, or twice as loud when the engine is accelerated. The balance narrows as the speeds increase, though, because of wind noise and tire noise increase.

### Fuel
To drive the electric motor the vehicle requires a large battery traction pack. The cost of driving an electric vehicle is a little bit more difficult. You will not pay a gas pump-type fee each time you charge your EV battery, the energy used to power the battery counts against your electric bill. If you drive an electric vehicle you will compare the prices of power and gas directly. Recharging the battery pack with a Level 1 or Level 2 charger will take up to 8 hours, and even fast charging stations require up to 30 minutes to charge up to 80 percent.

In convectional car the money you pay to fill your fuel tank can translate into different travel ranges, depending on the fuel efficiency rating of your car. Conventional "fuel-efficient" cars are designed to optimize their kilometers per liter (KMPL) value, thus costing the least amount of money per mile traveled. refueling this vehicle is likely to be fast and convenient which hardly takes 5-10 mins for a full tank.
### Safety
Like any other fuel, batteries to store energy and hence need to be handled correctly. EVs have fewer components needed to run the car, less space used within the infrastructure of the vehicle. This allows to rethink some of the safety features. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries, the power source for all-electric vehicles, are flammable. They contain a liquid electrolyte that stores energy and can overheat and combust with prolonged exposure to the wrong conditions. These power cells are also subject to short-circuiting if they are damaged, and those short-circuits can result in fires if the proper safety precautions are not in place.

convectional cars have been around for well over 100 years, and consumers well understand their safety risks and how to minimize them. the parts such as engine and transmission make the car rigid and robust in the time of the collision. the engine absorbs most of the impact coming from the front at the time collision.

### Life

The battery packs within an electric car are expensive and may need to be replaced more than once over the lifetime of the car.advanced batteries in EVs are designed for extended life, but will wear out eventually. Currently, most manufacturers are offering 8-year/1,60,000-km warranties for their batteries.

A typical passenger car should last 2,00,000 km or more. The average lifespan is now almost 12 years with periodically serviced and maintained well. Convectional cars undergo wear and tear often as they have many moving parts in them. Major parts situated in transmission and engine should be replaced at scheduled time.