# Comprehensive Summary of Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs)

## Introduction

Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) are standards and suggestions for changes to the Ethereum protocol, application layer, or other aspects of the ecosystem. They are a crucial part of Ethereum's development process and governance.

## Categories of EIPs

### 1. Core EIPs
Core EIPs propose changes to the Ethereum protocol, consensus mechanism, or network-level functionality.

#### Notable Core EIPs:
- **EIP-1**: Specification for EIPs themselves[](https://)
- **EIP-150**: Gas cost changes for IO-heavy operations
- **EIP-155**: Simple replay attack protection
- **EIP-158**: State clearing and gas cost changes
- **EIP-196**: Precompiled contracts for addition and scalar multiplication on the elliptic curve alt_bn128
- **EIP-197**: Precompiled contracts for optimal ate pairing check on the elliptic curve alt_bn128
- **EIP-198**: Big integer modular exponentiation precompile
- **EIP-210**: Blockhash refactoring
- **EIP-211**: New opcode STATICCALL
- **EIP-214**: New opcode STATICCALL
- **EIP-649**: Metropolis Difficulty Bomb Delay and Block Reward Reduction
- **EIP-650**: Constantinople Difficulty Bomb Delay
- **EIP-1014**: Skinny CREATE2 opcode
- **EIP-1234**: Constantinople Difficulty Bomb Delay and Block Reward Adjustment
- **EIP-1559**: Fee market change for ETH 1.0 chain
- **EIP-2565**: ModExp precompile gas cost
- **EIP-2929**: Gas cost increases for state access opcodes
- **EIP-2930**: Optional access lists
- **EIP-3529**: Reduction in refunds
- **EIP-3541**: Reject new contracts starting with the 0xEF byte
- **EIP-3607**: Reject transactions from senders with deployed code
- **EIP-3651**: Warm COINBASE
- **EIP-3670**: Contract code validation
- **EIP-3855**: PUSH0 instruction
- **EIP-3860**: Limit and meter initcode
- **EIP-4399**: Supplant DIFFICULTY opcode with RANDOM
- **EIP-4844**: Shard Blob Transactions (proto-danksharding)
- **EIP-4895**: Beacon chain push withdrawals as operations
- **EIP-5656**: MCOPY - Memory copying instruction
- **EIP-6780**: SELFDESTRUCT only in same transaction
- **EIP-7516**: BLOBBASEFEE opcode

### 2. Networking EIPs
Networking EIPs propose changes to the Ethereum networking protocols.

#### Notable Networking EIPs:
- **EIP-8**: DevP2P Forward Compatibility Requirements for Homestead
- **EIP-706**: DEVp2p snappy compression
- **EIP-868**: Node Discovery Protocol v4 ENR Extension
- **EIP-2124**: Fork identifier for chain compatibility checks
- **EIP-3675**: Upgrade consensus to Proof-of-Stake

### 3. Interface EIPs
Interface EIPs propose changes to client API/RPC specifications and standard formats.

#### Notable Interface EIPs:
- **EIP-1474**: Remote procedure call specification
- **EIP-1577**: Content hash field for ENS records
- **EIP-190**: Ethereum Smart Contract Packaging Standard
- **EIP-634**: Storage of text records in ENS
- **EIP-1046**: ERC-20 Metadata Extension
- **EIP-1051**: Overflow checking for Solidity
- **EIP-1052**: EXTCODEHASH opcode
- **EIP-1203**: Multi-Token Standard (ERC-1155)
- **EIP-1271**: Standard Signature Validation Method for Contracts
- **EIP-1344**: Add ChainID Opcode
- **EIP-1452**: Special Issuance of Tokens for DAO Voting
- **EIP-1613**: Gas Meterability
- **EIP-1884**: Repricing for trie-size-dependent opcodes
- **EIP-2003**: Replace Keccak-256 with SHA-3
- **EIP-2009**: Standardized Data Field for Contracts
- **EIP-2014**: Peephole optimizer for smart contract bytecode
- **EIP-2025**: Blockchain Explorer API
- **EIP-2026**: State Rent Hints
- **EIP-2027**: State Rent for Accounts
- **EIP-2028**: Transaction Data Gas Cost Reduction
- **EIP-225**: Slasher Protocol
- **EIP-233**: Split Signature for BLS
- **EIP-234**: eth_getLogs Block Hash Parameter
- **EIP-681**: URL Format for Transaction Requests
- **EIP-747**: wallet_watchAsset RPC Method
- **EIP-1102**: Opt-in wallet account exposure
- **EIP-1193**: Provider Javascript API
- **EIP-1474**: GraphQL Interface
- **EIP-2334**: BLS12-381 Keystore
- **EIP-2551**: Secure Control Flow for Smart Contracts
- **EIP-2569**: Saving and Displaying Image and Metadata of a Contract
- **EIP-2575**: Removing Refunds
- **EIP-2678**: Verifiable Credential Ethereum Address Proof v1.0
- **EIP-2844**: Add DID methods to wallet
- **EIP-2935**: Historical block hashes storage
- **EIP-2942**: Add Beacon Chain Information to Execution Clients
- **EIP-3030**: Bare Settlement Currency
- **EIP-3074**: AUTH and AUTHCALL opcodes
- **EIP-3085**: wallet_addEthereumChain Parameter
- **EIP-3326**: wallet_switchEthereumChain Parameter
- **EIP-3337**: Account Abstraction for ETH 1.x
- **EIP-3668**: CCIP Read: Secure Remote Data Retrieval
- **EIP-4337**: Account Abstraction Using Alt Mempool
- **EIP-4361**: Sign-In With Ethereum
- **EIP-4391**: Sign-In With Ethereum for Session Management
- **EIP-4400**: wallet_grantPermissions and wallet_revokePermissions
- **EIP-4803**: Account-bound token
- **EIP-5005**: ERC-721 Staking Standard
- **EIP-5050**: Interchangeable fungible tokens
- **EIP-5219**: Default account abstraction using deposit/withdraw precompile
- **EIP-5489**: NFT Hyperlink Extension
- **EIP-5555**: Individual Delegated Keys for Hot Wallet Security
- **EIP-5792**: Wallet Interface for Batched Calls
- **EIP-5805**: Voting with delegation standard
- **EIP-5851**: Linked verifiable credentials
- **EIP-6110**: Supply validator deposits on chain
- **EIP-6123**: Supply validator balance excess on chain
- **EIP-6404**: Replace SSZ List with SSZ Union for transactions
- **EIP-6492**: Counterfactual NFT ownership validation
- **EIP-6538**: Minimal Transparent Proxy
- **EIP-6604**: Native token metadata
- **EIP-6821**: Decentralized Identity and Verifiable Credentials
- **EIP-6900**: Modular accounts with delegated storage
- **EIP-6913**: Externally Owned Accounts
- **EIP-7002**: Execution layer triggerable withdrawals
- **EIP-7007**: Fraud proofs
- **EIP-7251**: Increase the MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE
- **EIP-7252**: Extended calldata
- **EIP-7549**: Move committee index outside validator container
- **EIP-7702**: Set code on unowned addresses

### 4. ERC Standards
ERC (Ethereum Request for Comments) standards are application-level standards and conventions.

#### Major ERC Standards:
- **ERC-20**: Fungible token standard
- **ERC-721**: Non-fungible token standard
- **ERC-1155**: Multi-token standard
- **ERC-777**: Fungible token standard with more features
- **ERC-223**: Token contract interface to prevent accidental transfers to contract addresses
- **ERC-621**: Increase and decrease the supply of tokens
- **ERC-827**: Token holder permission to spender to spend on his behalf
- **ERC-884**: Delaware General Corporation Law (DGCL) Compliant Share Token
- **ERC-902**: Bulk token transfer
- **ERC-918**: Mineable token standard
- **ERC-998**: Composable non-fungible token standard
- **ERC-1046**: ERC-20 Metadata Extension
- **ERC-1132**: Lockable Token
- **ERC-1154**: Promissory Notes
- **ERC-1202**: Smart Contract Wallets
- **ERC-1203**: Multi-Class Token Standard
- **ERC-1236**: Governance Revocability
- **ERC-1300**: Semi-Fungible Token Standard
- **ERC-1337**: Bank-like lending protocol
- **ERC-1400**: Security Token Standard
- **ERC-1410**: Partially Fungible Token Standard
- **ERC-1484**: Digital Identity Aggregator
- **ERC-1523**: Insurance-Policy Token Standard
- **ERC-1594**: Core-Security-Token Standard
- **ERC-1633**: Re-Fungible Token Standard
- **ERC-1643**: Document management property for Security Token Standard
- **ERC-1644**: Controller Operation Restrictions for Security Token Standard
- **ERC-165**: Standard Interface Detection
- **ERC-1776**: Fee Abstraction for Tokens
- **ERC-1820**: Pseudo-introspection Registry Contract
- **ERC-1822**: Universal Upgradeable Proxy Standard
- **ERC-1967**: Proxy Storage Slots
- **ERC-2009**: Capped Token Standard
- **ERC-2015**: Upgradeable Smart Contract
- **ERC-2222**: Savings DAO Token
- **ERC-2239**: Parametric Reinsurance Contracts
- **ERC-2386**: Hierarchical Deterministic Wallets
- **ERC-2612**: Permit Extension for EIP-20 Signed Approvals
- **ERC-2615**: Non-Fungible Token with Metadata Extensions
- **ERC-2771**: Secure Protocol for Native Meta Transactions
- **ERC-2981**: NFT Royalty Standard
- **ERC-3156**: Flash Loans
- **ERC-3525**: Semi-Fungible Token Standard
- **ERC-3538**: Domain Registrar Standard
- **ERC-3544**: DNS-incompatible Name Registries
- **ERC-3590**: Bonding Curve Standard
- **ERC-3643**: T-REX (Token for Regulated EXchanges)
- **ERC-3722**: Poap Standard
- **ERC-3754**: On-chain Game Items
- **ERC-3772**: Encrypted Data Standard
- **ERC-3820**: Token Metadata Extension
- **ERC-3885**: Standard for Nonce Capabilities
- **ERC-4337**: Account Abstraction via Alternative mempool
- **ERC-4626**: Tokenized Vault Standard
- **ERC-4906**: EIP-721 Enhanced Metadata
- **ERC-4955**: Soulbound NFT Metadata Extension
- **ERC-5006**: ERC-721 Lease Extension
- **ERC-5050**: Interchangeable Fungible Tokens
- **ERC-5169**: Node Connection Standard
- **ERC-5192**: Soulbound NFTs
- **ERC-5218**: Soulbound NFTs
- **ERC-5267**: Request for Enhancement of EIP-712
- **ERC-5289**: Token-bound Delegation
- **ERC-5484**: Consensual Soulbound NFTs
- **ERC-5489**: NFT Hyperlink Extension
- **ERC-5555**: Individual Delegated Keys for Hot Wallet Security
- **ERC-5564**: Anonymous ZKSMTs
- **ERC-5643**: Subscription NFTs
- **ERC-5792**: Wallet Interface for Batched Calls
- **ERC-5805**: Voting with Delegation Standard
- **ERC-6120**: Layer2 Bridge Deposit
- **ERC-6147**: Guarded Launch Token
- **ERC-6150**: Hierarchical NFTs
- **ERC-6220**: Composable NFTs
- **ERC-6268**: Invalid EIP Number
- **ERC-6315**: Access Controller Interface
- **ERC-6344**: DeFi Options
- **ERC-6357**: Syndicate Pool Standard
- **ERC-6404**: Replace SSZ List with SSZ Union for transactions
- **ERC-6454**: Multi-ID Standard
- **ERC-6492**: Counterfactual NFT Ownership Validation
- **ERC-6506**: Multi-Modal Token Standard
- **ERC-6551**: Non-Fungible Token Bound Accounts
- **ERC-6617**: Standard for Decentralized Autonomous Organizations
- **ERC-6672**: Wrapped Physical Assets
- **ERC-6730**: Transfer Restrictions for Fungible Tokens
- **ERC-6806**: Token-bound Social Recovery
- **ERC-6808**: Delegated Soulbound NFTs
- **ERC-6909**: Multi-Token Standard
- **ERC-6988**: Time-bound Soulbound NFTs
- **ERC-721**: Non-Fungible Token Standard
- **ERC-7385**: Structured Data for Complex Assets
- **ERC-7401**: Restricted Multi Token
- **ERC-7444**: Service Binding Standard
- **ERC-7484**: Attestation Station
- **ERC-7512**: Mathematical Expression Engine
- **ERC-7579**: Minimal User Operation Infrastructure Standard
- **ERC-7603**: Restricted Token Operations
- **ERC-7643**: Network Authentication Token
- **ERC-7717**: Single Sign-On Protocol
- **ERC-7777**: Name to Validator Registry

## The Merge (Transition to Proof of Stake)

Several critical EIPs enabled the transition from Proof of Work to Proof of Stake:

- **EIP-3675**: Upgrade consensus to Proof-of-Stake
- **EIP-4399**: Supplant DIFFICULTY opcode with RANDOM
- **EIP-4895**: Beacon chain push withdrawals as operations

## Post-Merge Upgrades

### Shanghai/Capella Upgrade (April 2023)
- **EIP-3651**: Warm COINBASE
- **EIP-3855**: PUSH0 instruction
- **EIP-3860**: Limit and meter initcode
- **EIP-4895**: Beacon chain push withdrawals as operations

### Cancun/Deneb Upgrade (March 2024)
- **EIP-4788**: Beacon block root in the EVM
- **EIP-4844**: Shard blob transactions
- **EIP-5656**: MCOPY opcode
- **EIP-6780**: SELFDESTRUCT only in same transaction
- **EIP-7516**: BLOBBASEFEE opcode

## Future Proposals

### Account Abstraction
- **EIP-4337**: Account Abstraction Using Alt Mempool
- **EIP-5792**: Wallet Interface for Batched Calls
- **EIP-5805**: Voting with delegation standard

### Stateless Ethereum
- **EIP-4444**: Bound historical data in execution clients
- **EIP-4488**: Transaction calldata limits

## Conclusion

EIPs represent the evolution of Ethereum from a simple platform to a sophisticated ecosystem. They cover everything from fundamental protocol changes to advanced application standards. The process ensures that changes to Ethereum are well-documented, discussed, and implemented in a standardized manner.

As Ethereum continues to scale and evolve, new EIPs will continue to shape its future, addressing challenges related to scalability, security, and usability.